The year 2021 will mark three anniversaries regarding the Hellenic speaking world. First, 2021 will mark the two hundredth anniversary of the Greek War of Independence. After many centuries of oppression under Turkish rule, the Greeks revolted in a heroic struggle which took many years and the shedding of blood and finally established the modern Greek state. March 25 will mark a glorious celebration of the Greek War of Independence.
A second anniversary comes on August 26 with the nine hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the Battle of Manzikert. On that day in 1071, the Byzantine armies of Emperor Romanus Diogenes lost a battle that continues to have consequences for the Hellenic world up to the present. Half of Anatolia fell to the Turks and although it took four centuries to come about, Manzikert made the fall of Constantinople inevitable.
A third anniversary can be seen with the closure of the theological school of Halki by the Turkish authorities in 1971. These three anniversaries are worth analyzing and discussing in the present day context of problems facing the Hellenic speaking world. At present, Greece faces either a possible existential threat at the hands of the Turks or the possibility of the loss of islands and genocide in the event of a Turkish invasion of any Greek islands.
The Greek War of Independence was a glorious achievement that resulted from the tireless efforts of Greeks to throw off the Turkish yoke. It set the stage for the subsequent expansion of the Greek state. In 1864, Greece received the Ionian islands and in 1881, the region of Thessaly was ceded to Greece by the great powers.
In the aftermath of the heroic victories of the Balkan Wars, Greece liberated Macedonia, Epirus, and Crete. The era of the liberation period in Greek history came to an end with the rise of Mustafa Kemal in Turkey (through the backing of the western powers and the Soviet communists) who presided over the extermination of all Christian Greeks, Armenians, and Assyrians throughout Anatolia. The remaining Greeks in Turkey (Constantinople, Imbros, Tenedos) would be ethnically cleansed following the pogroms of 1955 and the ethnic cleansing campaigns of the 1960’s.
In 1974, Turkey invaded Cyprus and ethnically cleansed over 200,000 Greek Cypriots form their homes. In the aftermath of the present day realities of the continued occupation of Cyprus and the threats to Greek and Cypriot territorial rights, the memory of the Battle of Manzikert looms large. After Maznikert, the Seljuk Turks appeared to be an unstoppable force.
Byzantine efforts to stop the Turks were temporarily successful after the Emperor Alexios Comnenos made agreements with the Crusaders (a very sinister pact in itself) but over the long term Byzantium was unable to hold the line against the Seljuk Turks. In 1204, Constantinople was invaded and occupied by the Knights of the Fourth Crusade. That invasion and long occupation destroyed the Christian Empire and destroyed forever any ability to resist or forestall the advancing Turkish forces.
In 1303, Sultan Osman came to the Turkish throne and it was from this Sultan that the Ottoman Empire was named. The Ottomans advanced steadily over a period of time as Constantinople lost more and more territory. During the disastrous reign of John Cantacuzenos during the 1350’s, the Empire hired the Ottomans as mercenaries to fight the Serbs! The Ottomans established a foothold in the Balkans.
Despite diplomatic efforts by the Emperor Manuel Paleologos who travelled to England and France in the early 1400’s, no western help arrived. In 1439, Emperor John Paleologos submitted to the demands of the Latin Pope and abandoned Orthodoxy in order to save Constantinople. That effort ended in humiliation and disaster!
Constantinople fell and the era of Turkocratia was ushered in. Constantine Paleologos and the defenders of Constantinople fought honorably and with great bravery but they did not have the number of fighters needed in order to prevail. In 1821, the Greeks revolted and for a century the Hellenic world came alive again through the expansion of Greece which began liberating Greek populations in the Balkans.
The liberation of Greece after the War of Independence was not without its problems. From the very beginning, Great Britain and Germany began interfering in Greek domestic affairs. This set a precedent for the United States which intervenes in Greek domestic affairs at the present time.
The third anniversary of the Hellenic speaking world in 2021 comes with the fiftieth anniversary of the closing of the theological school of Halki. The closing of Halki occurred within the context of the anti Greek pogroms of 1955 and the ethnic cleansing of the Greek Orthodox populations of Constantinople and the islands of Imbros and Tenedos during the 1960’s. Halki was closed so that the Turkish government could expel the Patriarchate and be rid of all Greek Orthodox inhabitants once and for all.
When the present Ecumenical Patriarch was elected in 1991 (here is yet a fourth anniversary the Hellenic speaking Orthodox world will commemorated in 2021) his top priority was the opening of the Halki School of theology. Despite widespread international attention on this issue, Turkey has refused to open Halki. The Patriarchate’s position it can be said has both improved and worsened in the past thirty years.
On the one level, it appeared the Patriarchate’s position increased by the diplomatic activity at the Ecumenical Patriarchate which brought a measure of protection from the Turkish authorities. Despite this however, the Ecumenical Patriarch became the target of terrorists who on several occasions bombed the Patriarchate while on other occasions Turkish officers conspired to assassinate both the Ecumenical Patriarch and the Armenian Patriarch. The Ecumenical Patriarchate’s position decreased (perhaps fatally) when it made the horrible decision to “grant” autocephaly to the uncanonical schismatic “Church” factions in Ukraine in 2018.
The Ecumenical Patriarchate created a schism in Orthodoxy and has succeeded (with the help of the State Department) in compromising the Churches of Greece and Alexandria both of whom have established communion with an illegitimate ecclesiastical entity whose hierarchy and clergy have no valid ordinations or consecrations. This is now the context in which the Hellenic world finds itself in.
On the year of the anniversaries, the Hellenic speaking world faces one crisis after the other. Throughout the centuries of Ottoman rule, Greece survived because of Orthodoxy. As Greece faces threats to its existence as a result of Turkish expansionism, the Greek Churches need to restore their standing within the Orthodox communion by revoking their recognition of the Ukrainian schismatics and reconciling with the greater Orthodox world.